Casino maths
Variance and Standard Deviation in Games
Variance measures how widely results spread around their expected value. Standard deviation is the square root of variance and expresses that spread in the same units as the underlying result.
Same average, different spread
Two payout tables can have the same RTP and very different variance. One may pay small amounts frequently; another may concentrate return into rare large outcomes.
Why sessions differ
Higher standard deviation creates a wider range of plausible short-session results. More rounds can make an observed average more stable, but do not guarantee a particular result.
Volatility is the product label
Volatility is often a practical category rather than one universal calculation. Use published payout probabilities when you need a reproducible variance measure.
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